Behavioral Systems
The focus of the methods associated
with this category is on observable skills and behaviors. These methods have
generally proved more likely to positively impact scores on standardized tests
of basic skills than models in other categories.
- Direct Instruction--highly
structured, teacher-directed; maximization of student learning time
- Mastery Learning--given
enough time and quality instruction, nearly all students can master any
set of objectives
Information-Processing Approaches
The focus of the methods associated with
information processing approaches are more linked to concepts and principles
developed in cognitive psychology.
Many of the tests used to measure school learning are being modified so that
they consider important mental processing skills that these models are designed
to address.
- Inquiry Training/Inductive Thinking--focus on concept formation,
interpretation of data, and formation of principles and theories
- Concept Attainment--focus on categorizing, concept formation, and
concept attainment
- Intellectual Development--based on the cognitive developmental theory of Jean Piaget
Personal
Development
The focus of these models is on those outcomes held
in high regard by humanistic educators: high self-concept and self-esteem;
positive self-direction and independence; creativity and curiosity; and the
development of affect and emotions. Most of the methods used are associated
with open education. While these models have not demonstrated an ability to
impact outcomes associated with traditional education, they do show promise in
impacting other outcomes important for the information age.
- Facilitative teaching--student-centered;
based on the methods of Carl Rogers
- Increasing Personal Awareness--focus is on developing an awareness
and fullfillment of individual potential
- Synectics--focus
on the development and application of creativity
The models associated with the social interaction
family are focused on developing the concepts and skills needed to work in
groups. Cooperative learning has demonstrated an ability to impact standard
achievement measures as well as group interaction.
- Cooperative Learning--focus
is on working in groups; based on the methods of Slavin and Johnson and
Johnson
- Role playing--focus is on the study and development of social
behavior and values
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