DOA PELEMBUT HATI ANAK-ANAK

SOCIAL INTERACTION AND RELATIONSHIP OF DOWN SYNDROME

The relationships of typically developing children with each other have been shown to play an important part in all aspects of their social and cognitive development. The importance of friends and friendships are as follow:

2.1   as playmates to share fun activities

2.2   to promote cognitive and social learning

2.3   to learn how to share and co-operate                                                                

2.4   to learn to cope with disappointment or hostility

2.5   to learn how to support and help others

2.6   to share worry and pleasures

    2.7   to contribute to self-esteem and self-identity

This list of the functions of friendships indicates that lack of playmates and friends is a cause for concern. In typically developing children, being isolated can lead to low self-esteem, difficult behaviours and poor school performance.

Children with Down syndrome are at a disadvantage in establishing relationships with other children because of their language and cognitive delay, but it is not clear how less opportunity for shared play and friendships effects their development. They are more dependent on their brothers and sisters and their friends, parents, other family members and adults for their social relationships.

Social interaction skills are a prerequisite for communicating with others. Typically, individuals develop these skills via events that occur naturally throughout infancy and the early childhood years. Children with well-developed communication skills have numerous opportunities to engage in interactions and receive feedback regarding their attempts to initiate and respond with both friends and adults. These opportunities may take place in a young child's home, classroom, and community settings. They often are available on a regular, daily basis for typically developing children. Children with developmental delays, however, may be unable to engage in such interactions due to their less developed initiation and response skills (Girolametto, 1988).

DYSLEXIA IS REAL

Shared from Educents

BENGKEL TEKNIK TERAPI CARA KERJA

MOTOR SKILLS?

THIS..EASY AND MORE SUITABLE TO ME? THE FINE MOTOR- MOTOR HALUS?

OR

 THE STUNNING RED YAMAHA R1 SUPERBIKE? THE GROSS MOTOR

- MOTOR KASAR?

MOTOR SKILLS

A motor skill is an intentional movement involving a motor or muscular component, that must be learned and voluntarily produced to proficiently perform a specific goal or complete a task, according to Knapp, Newell, and Sparrow. A motor skill is a voluntary learned movement that is goal orientated with a certain level of proficiency according to Knapp, Newell, and Sparrow.

Gross motor skill requires the use of large muscle groups to perform tasks like walking, balancing, crawling. The skill required is not extensive and therefore are usually associated with continuous tasks. Much of the development of these skills occurs during early childhood. The performance level of gross motor skill remains unchanged after periods of non-use

Fine motor skill requires the use of smaller muscle groups to perform tasks that are precise in nature. Activities like playing the piano and playing video games are examples of using fine motor skills. Generally, there is a retention loss of fine motor skills over a period of non-use. Discrete tasks usually require more fine motor skill than gross motor skills.

WIKIPEDIA

I have used the materials below during my slot in KURSUS ASAS PELAKSANAAN INTERVENSI LINUS PENDIDIKAN KHAS GURU-GURU PENDIDIKAN KHAS SEKOLAH RENDAH.

DEFINISI MOTOR KASAR

•       Kebolehan menggunakan kumpulan otot besar untuk pergerakan kasar

•       Koordinasi aktiviti sistem saraf dan otak yang mengawal pergerakan anggota badan

KONSEP MOTOR KASAR

Perkembangan kemahiran yang membantu individu untuk bergerak di sekelilingnya

• Mengensot
•  Merangkak
• Berdiri
• Berjalan
• Melompat

KEPENTINGAN MOTOR KASAR

§  Membina otot-otot kaki

§  Membina otot-otot tangan

§  Membina koordinasi yang melibatkan mata dan kaki

§  Membina koordinasi mata dan tangan

§  Membina otot pada bahagian leher dan kepala

§  Membina koordinasi otot-otot seluruh anggota badan

§ Menjadi asas kepada perkembangan penguasaan kemahiran motor halus

DEFINISI MOTOR HALUS

§  Kebolehan menggunakan kumpulan otot-otot kecil di bahagian tengah dan jari-jari tangan.

§  Memerlukan koordinasi mata dan tangan yang baik.

§  Mempunyai perkaitan rapat dengan perkembangan     

sistem saraf dan otot.

KEPENTINGAN MOTOR HALUS

§  Membina otot-otot tangan dan jari

§  Membina koordinasi mata, jari dan tangan

§  Mengoyak kertas dan menampal pada kertas yang disediakan

§  Bermain dengan bongkah atau blok binaan

§  Mewarna bentuk, corak dan objek

§  Melakukan aktiviti permainan air dan permainan pasir

FAEDAH MOTOR HALUS

•     Dapat meningkatkan keupayaan membina koordinasi di antara mata dan tangan

•       Menggunakan otot-otot untuk membina sesuatu objek

• Menggunakan otot-otot untuk menguasai kemahiran yang boleh digunakan dalam kehidupan seharian.